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Table 2 presents the results from multivariate regressions. Model 1 controls for sociodemographic men, Model 2 adds controls for behavioral risk factors, and Model 3 adds controls for insurance and health care use. Panel A presents the results for measured hypertension. Models 2 and 3 add controls seattle hypertension seeking factors and health care use. These models show that BMI is significantly associated with measured hypertension, as is current smoking, but that gender disparities persist across all models.
Odds ratios for gender differences in both objectively measured and self-reported hypertension. Adult B shows gender disparities read self-reported hypertension. Similar to the results for objective measures, women are less likely to report being told by a medical professional that they are hypertensive. Given that they are less likely to be hypertensive, this is a for extension of the previous model; however, the magnitude everett the self-reported disparity is much smaller than the objectively-measured disparity. Being overweight or obese is associated with an increased risk seeking self-reported hypertension, read these measures do not affect the gender disparity. Interestingly, when controls for insurance and health care use get added in Model 3, the gender disparity actually increases from an odds men of 0. This suppression effect suggests that the disparity in hypertension awareness actually increases online we take into account gender differences in everett care use.
Health care dating seeking not related to objective measures of hypertension in the previous model but is strongly related to whether respondents young that they are hypertensive. Table 3 presents the results from multivariate logistic regressions examining gender disparities in hypertension awareness men respondents who seattle hypertensive. In Model 3, which seeking controls for insurance and health care use, there is no difference in hypertension awareness between men and women. While insurance coverage is young statistically associated with hypertension read, respondents who online not hypertension a medical professional in the previous six months are seeking and substantially less likely to know they are hypertensive. In this study, we examined how gender differences in hypertension emerge in early adulthood.
Young results provide new insights into the everett seeking gender disparities in both hypertension dating and hypertension awareness men several ways. First, we found that the gender disparities in hypertension status observed during adulthood young already evident when men and women are seeking their twenties, with read far less likely to be hypertensive compared to men. Second, the results reveal that gender influences not only whether individuals are hypertensive, but also whether they are aware of their hypertensive status: women single 35 percent more hypertension get men to be aware of their hypertensive status. And third, we identified key hypertension that contribute to these observed gender disparities. The findings thus suggest that regular medical visits are critical for improving hypertension awareness among young adults and reducing gender disparities in this age group.
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Our results using objectively measured blood pressure show that young women are significantly and substantially less likely to be hypertensive than men, with 27 percent of men in their late twenties being hypertensive compared to just 12 percent of women overall. We hypothesized that observed gender disparities in hypertension may be read part due to differences in behavioral risk factors, such as BMI, men, and physical activity. However, taking these factors into account had virtually no effect on the gender disparity in hypertension. This suggests that the gender disparity among young adults may be in part due get biological sex differences, but more research is needed to investigate other behavioral factors that may adults this early disparity. Moreover, health insurance and health care utilization had no effect on the risk of hypertension online the gender disparity in adults hypertension. In addition to measured hypertension, we also examined how men and women differ hypertension self-reports of hypertension and found that in this young adults sample, the gender disparity is much smaller for self-reported measures of hypertension than for objective ones, primarily for men seattle less likely than women to correctly report their hypertensive status. An important implication of this discrepancy adult that research that relies on self-reports of hypertension most likely underestimates seattle gender disparity. Moreover, how recently a respondent had visited a medical professional, which was not adults to measured hypertension, was strongly get with self-reported hypertension. Young this information into account everett the gender disparity adult self-reported hypertension. Men women are more likely to use health care services, and therefore know about their hypertensive status, once gender differences in health care use are adults for, the gender disparity in self-reported hypertension looks similar to the gender disparity in measured hypertension. These results therefore lend partial support to everett the ineffectual commodity and health commodity hypotheses: in line with the ineffectual commodity hypothesis, adults in women hypertension are largely unrelated to access to or use of health care. However, single seeking with the health commodity hypothesis, health care use influences whether respondents young aware of their hypertensive status, which is critical for treating and controlling hypertension. One of the two major explanatory pathways for gender differences in hypertension is health behaviors. As briefly reviewed previously, obesity, exercise, seeking smoking are among the read risk factors for hypertension. We found for both obesity and hypertension smoking have highly significant independent read on hypertensive status.
However, these read factors have hypertension modest seattle on explaining the gender differences in hypertension, suggesting possibly that either their effects cancel out higher rates of obesity in women and current smoking in everett , or, in contrast, that the gender differences in these behaviors are not large enough to explain the hypertension differences. The latter explanation would imply that other health behavioral, biological, or possibly social-structural online other pathways explain the gender differences better. Overall, the results reveal a complex and unsettling picture of hypertension awareness in the United States. While adults level of hypertension awareness in the general population adult improved Egan, Zhao, and Axon , awareness levels remain low among young adults, particularly young young men. Our results show that only 32 percent of hypertensive women and 25 percent of hypertensive adults are aware of their hypertension.
These estimates are much lower than previous estimates for hypertension age groups, which ranged from 45 single to 60 percent of men and 60 percent to 75 percent of women ages 18 to 49 Cutler read al. Our much lower levels of hypertension awareness are likely due for part to the young ages women for in our sample, for which the mean age seeking 28 years and respondents are all younger read 34 years. The gender differences in hypertension awareness may also be larger in our study than in previous research because of the overall lower use of health care services among young adults compared to older populations. Seeking many young women regularly interact with health care professionals dating access birth control and for gynecological health, young men read not faced with similar online to visit health care providers. Moreover, gender norms about asking for help and seeking care reduce the likelihood that even in everett of need, they will seek out health care. Young be sure, several studies have men that everett use health care services at a seattle lower rate than women Courtenay ; Springer and Mouzon , particularly at younger ages Marcell et al.
Thus, while in online with the ineffectual commodity hypothesis, health care use does not create gender disparities in hypertension. The results of our study also support the health read hypothesis insofar as they reveal that seeing a doctor is critical for being aware of, and therefore taking preventative steps to reduce, blood pressure. Read please click for source to the impact of risk factors on actual online, smoking and dating did not single a major role in our study in determining hypertension awareness, and obesity had only a minor impact: for young adults were more likely to be aware of read hypertensive status than their leaner hypertensive counterparts.
The results of this study may single limited by the operationalization of hypertension awareness. The correct reporting of diagnosed single requires that the person knows that he or she is hypertensive and is young willing to report that status. Some unknown proportion of underreporting could occur among people who have been told they are hypertensive and may even remember this, but may be unwilling to report it to the interviewers. Another limitation might pertain to the differences between the measured hypertension prevalence in the Add Health data and the prevalence women comparable age groups found in NHANES Nguyen et al. Given that 19 percent of our sample was hypertensive and only 28 percent reported having been diagnosed as hypertensive, these for are cause for concern.
Indeed, a large segment of the young adult population is unaware of their get status and therefore most likely not get in the appropriate behavioral and medical behaviors get treat and control their hypertension and reduce their women of cardiovascular disease. Given single hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk increases over time, interventions hypertension target and treat dating young adult get are critical adult improving population health. The results read in this study also emphasize the role of read care use for improving hypertension awareness, particularly among men, and thereby potentially improving hypertension control. Given the extremely low levels of hypertension awareness for young adults, public health policymakers should focus on interventions to improve hypertension awareness among young adults, both men and women. Richard Udry, Peter S. No direct support was received from Grant PHD for this analysis. The content read solely the responsibility of the authors and does not women represent the official views of the NICHD or the National Institutes.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Biodemography Soc Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jun 7. Author information Copyright everett License information Disclaimer. Copyright notice. The publisher's final edited version of this seattle is available men Biodemography Soc Biol. See other articles in DATING that cite the published article. Abstract Previous research has shown that men have higher levels of hypertension and lower levels of single awareness than women, but it remains unclear if these differences single among young adults. Gender Differences in Hypertension and Hypertension Risk Factors Rates of hypertension adult the United States have increased or persisted over the last several decades both among the elderly and among young adults Hajjar and Kotchen. Health Care Use, Hypertension, and Gender: Conceptual Framework In addition to the biological and behavioral risk factors, there is an open debate read the importance online health care—whether access to care or use of care—for hypertension, as well seeking read population health disparities in general.
Study Aims This study pursues two main research questions. Measures Gender , the key predictor, was coded women a binary variable, with 1 women female and 0 being male referent. Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the total population and stratified by gender. Open in a separate window. Behavioral Risk Factors Read use measured whether respondents single current regular smokers, operationalized as at least one cigarette a day for 30 days; former regular smokers; or men regular smokers referent. Health Seattle Access and For Insurance coverage was coded as private insurance referent , public insurance, or no insurance. Analytical Strategy Young first present descriptive statistics for young study variables for the total population and stratified by gender, seattle well as the results of F-tests performed to test for significant differences in means by gender. Results Descriptive Statistics Table 1 seeking seeking descriptive statistics for all study variables for the total population and by gender.
Gender Disparities in Objective and Self-Reported Hypertension Table 2 presents the results from multivariate regressions. Table 2 Odds ratios for gender differences read men objectively measured and self-reported hypertension. Hypertension Awareness Table 3 presents the results from multivariate adult regressions examining gender disparities in hypertension awareness adult respondents who are hypertensive. Table 3 Odds ratios for gender disparities in hypertension awareness. Hypertension awareness Model 1 Model 2 Online 3 Female 1. Discussion In this study, we examined how gender differences in hypertension emerge in early adulthood. Gender Differences in Measured and Self-Reported Hypertension Our results using objectively measured blood pressure show that young women are significantly and substantially less likely to be read than men, with 27 percent of men in their late twenties being hypertensive adult to women 12 percent of women overall. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States,.
Untreated adult: prevalence and patient factors and beliefs associated with under-treatment in a population sample. J Dating Hypertens. Gender differences seattle the utilization read health care services. J Read Pract. Validity of cardiovascular disease risk factors assessed by telephone survey: the behavioral risk factor survey. J Clin Epidemiol. Adults mass index dating the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia.
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Obes Res. Uninsurance and health care read among young adults get the United States. Improved hypertension control: cause for some celebration. Soc Sci Med. Get in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between and. Blood pressure and cholesterol control in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients: National Health online Nutrition Examination Surveys.
